About two decades after the initial description of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis has expanded from being considered a neurological rarity to become one of the most rapidly advancing disciplines in clinical neuroimmunology. The diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis proposed by Francesc Graus and colleagues1 in 2016 provided a pivotal clinical framework, prioritising early recognition and treatment based on clinical and paraclinical features independent of autoantibody detection, with antibody testing used to refine disease subtyping and provide additional diagnostic evidence in clinically uncertain cases.
Source: The Lancet Neurology - Current Issue · Published 31 Oct 2026 · Imported 17 Oct 2026
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