A Clinical Algorithm for Gynecomastia: From Diagnosis to Surgical Management

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17 Oct 2026 0 comments

CONCLUSIONS: Across a 15-year cohort, idiopathic and drug-induced disease (chiefly spironolactone and antiandrogen-class agents) accounted for nearly 90% of adult cases. A stepwise algorithm based on examination, medication review, and selective endocrine and radiologic testing classified etiology in routine practice, and surgery matched to Simon grade remained the definitive treatment for long-standing, severe, or psychosocially distressing disease.